初中階段必須掌握的核心語法總結(jié)

初中階段必須掌握的核心語法總結(jié) 一、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)(必考!) 1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) (Simple Present) - 結(jié)構(gòu) : 主語 + 動(dòng)詞原形/三單形式 - 用法 : - 習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作( I play basketball every Sunday. ) - 客觀事實(shí)/真理( The sun rises in the east. ) - 三單變化規(guī)則 : - 直接加 -s (like → likes) - -ch, -sh, -s, -x, -o 結(jié)尾加 -es (teach → teaches) - 輔音 + y 結(jié)尾 → y 變 i + -es (study → studies) 2. 一般過去時(shí) (Simple Past) - 結(jié)構(gòu) : 主語 + 動(dòng)詞過去式 - 用法 :過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作( She watched a movie yesterday. ) - 規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過去式 :加 -ed (work → worked) - 不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞 :必須背! - go → went, see → saw, do → did, have → had 3. 一般將來時(shí) (Simple Future) - 結(jié)構(gòu) : - will/shall + 動(dòng)詞原形 ( I will call you. ) - be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形 (計(jì)劃/預(yù)測(cè), It's going to rain. ) 4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) (Present Continuous) - 結(jié)構(gòu) : am/is/are + V-ing - 用法 : - 正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作( They are playing football now. ) - 近期計(jì)劃( I'm flying to Beijing tomorrow. ) - V-ing 規(guī)則 : - 直接加 -ing (read → reading) - 重讀閉音節(jié)雙寫尾字母 + -ing (run → running) - e 結(jié)尾去 e + -ing (write → writing) 5. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) (Present Perfect) - 結(jié)構(gòu) : have/has + 過去分詞 - 用法 : - 過去動(dòng)作影響現(xiàn)在( I have lost my keys. 現(xiàn)在沒鑰匙) - 經(jīng)歷( She has been to Paris. ) - 持續(xù)動(dòng)作( We have lived here for 10 years. ) - 標(biāo)志詞 : already, yet, ever, never, since, for 二、被動(dòng)語態(tài)(重點(diǎn)!) - 結(jié)構(gòu) : be + 過去分詞 ( be 隨主語時(shí)態(tài)變化) - 時(shí)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換 : - 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí): English is spoken here. - 一般過去時(shí): The book was written by him. - 一般將來時(shí): The project will be finished next week. - 注意 :動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者用 by 引出(可省略) --- 三、從句(三大類必背) 1. 賓語從句 (Object Clause) - 結(jié)構(gòu) : 主句 + 連接詞 + 陳述句語序 - 連接詞: that (可省略), if/whether , what/when/where... - 時(shí)態(tài)一致 : - 主句過去時(shí) → 從句用對(duì)應(yīng)過去時(shí)態(tài)( He said he was tired. ) - 例句 : I know (that) you are right. She asked if I liked apples. 2. 狀語從句 (Adverbial Clause) - 常見類型 : - 時(shí)間: when, while, before, after, until ( I will call you when I arrive. ) - 條件: if, unless ( If it rains, we will stay home. ) - 原因: because, since ( He failed because he didn't study. ) 3. 定語從句 (Attributive Clause) - 關(guān)系代詞 : | 代詞 | 指代 | 例句 | |------|----------|--------------------------| | who | 人(主語)|The man who is singing is my teacher. | | whom | 人(賓語)|The girl whom you met is Lily. | | which| 物 |This is the book which I bought. | | that | 人或物 |The movie that we saw was exciting. | | whose| 所有格 |The boy whose father is a doctor... | --- 四、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(Modal Verbs) - 核心詞 : can/could, may/might, must, should, need - 用法 : - can (能力/許可): I can swim. / Can I go out? - must (必須): You must finish homework. - 否定 : mustn't (禁止), needn't/don't have to (不必) - should (建議): You should see a doctor. --- 五、非謂語動(dòng)詞 1. 動(dòng)詞不定式 (to do) - 用法 : - 作目的狀語( I came here to learn English. ) - 作賓語( He wants to be a scientist. ) 2. 動(dòng)名詞 (V-ing) - 用法 : - 作主語/賓語( Swimming is fun. / I enjoy dancing. ) - 介詞后( Thank you for helping me. ) --- 六、特殊句型(必考!) 1. There be 句型 - 結(jié)構(gòu) : There is/are + 名詞 + 地點(diǎn) - 就近原則: There is a book and two pens. - 時(shí)態(tài)變化: There was/were... , There will be... 2. 感嘆句 - What + (a/an) + 形容詞 + 名詞 : What a beautiful flower! - How + 形容詞/副詞 : How fast he runs! 3. 祈使句 - 肯定 : 動(dòng)詞原形 ( Open the door. ) - 否定 : Don't + 動(dòng)詞原形 ( Don't be late! ) --- 七、易錯(cuò)重點(diǎn)歸納 1. 主謂一致 : - 單數(shù)主語 + 三單動(dòng)詞( The cat likes fish. ) - and 連接兩個(gè)主語 → 復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞( Tom and Jerry are friends. ) 2. 形容詞/副詞比較級(jí) : - 規(guī)則: tall → taller → tallest - 不規(guī)則: good/well → better → best , bad/badly → worse → worst 3. 介詞固定搭配 : - at: at home, at night - on: on Monday, on the desk - in: in July, in the park --- 背誦口訣(巧記?。? - 時(shí)態(tài)口訣 : > 現(xiàn)在原形三單加,過去要把 -ed 搭; > 將來 will 或 be going to ,進(jìn)行 be 加 -ing 掛; > 完成 have/has 加 done ,被動(dòng) be 加過去分詞趴。
- 定語從句關(guān)系詞選擇 : > 人主 who ,人賓 whom ,物用 which 不用愁; > that 通吃人和物, whose 所有格在后頭!。